12. Income Taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes is as follows:

A reconciliation of the Company’s statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

The net deferred income tax asset (liability) balance related to the following:

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $28.2 million and $29.5 million, respectively, which begin to expire in tax years 2034 for federal and 2026 for state purposes. Of the $28.2 million of federal net operating losses, $10.9 million can be carried forward indefinitely.

As of each reporting date, management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect its view of the future realization of deferred tax assets (“DTA”). In view of the significance of the Company’s recent pre-tax book losses and likelihood of continuing uncertainty in the industry and economy as a whole, management excluded projections of future income from its forecast of the reversal of its DTAs as of September 30, 2025. As a result, it was determined that the Company's net DTAs would not be realized as there is not sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred taxes are realizable. The Company has recorded an additional $11,964 valuation allowance in fiscal 2025, resulting in a total valuation allowance of $12,757 as of September 30, 2025, accordingly.

Under Internal Revenue Code 382, if a corporation undergoes a specified change in ownership, the Corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income may be limited. Such limitation may result in the expiration of the NOL carryforwards generated before 2018 prior to their utilization. The Company engaged outside tax experts to perform a comprehensive section 382 study to calculate the estimated limitation and evaluate the Corporation’s ability to use its NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes. The study was finalized in the quarter ended March 31, 2025 and concluded that the Company’s pre-2018 NOL carryovers and other tax attributes are subject to limitation under section 382.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations for both federal taxes and the many states and local tax jurisdictions in which we operate or do business in. ASC 740 states that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits.

We record tax positions as liabilities in accordance with ASC 740 and adjust these liabilities when our judgement changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the recognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available. As of September 30, 2025, and 2024, we have not recorded any material uncertain tax positions in our consolidated financial statements.

Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax benefits, if any, on the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2025, and 2024, no accrued interest or penalties are included on the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company files tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal and state jurisdictions, where applicable. There are currently no pending tax examinations. The Company’s tax years are still open under statute from September 30, 2022, to the present. Earlier years may be examined to the extent that the net operating loss carryforwards from those earlier years are used in future periods. The resolution of tax matters is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The One Big Beautiful Bill of 2025

On July 4, 2025, H.R.1 - One Big Beautiful Bill was enacted, introducing a wide range of tax reforms for businesses. Due to the Company's loss position and limited exposure to affected provisions, the bill’s overall impact is not material. The Company has historically elected out of bonus depreciation for all classes of property under Section 168(k)(7) and depreciates assets under MACRS without accelerated expensing. The Company continues to monitor ongoing regulatory guidance related to the new law.